This paper focused on the analysis and explanation of “civil friendship” in al-Farabi’s philosophy; so the question is: what are the beginning and the end of civil friendship in his philosophy? It seems that for al-Farabi, the friendship has the power of binding the creatures to each other. It shapes all contexts for creatures; among them, it forms the variant cities, and the ruler of each city looks at the category of friendship as a tool to have good governance. For Farabi, like Aristotle, man naturally has teleos in itself. For him, the cities need justice and civil friendship to be a good city according to the scheme that planed by the ruler; without friendship, the cities cannot be shaped, and without justice they cannot be maintained. But in reality, the type of friendship is different in each city, and it defines the happiness for each city.

The primary objective of this article is to elucidate that a comprehensive understanding of Greek political thought necessitates an examination of its origins in Ancient Greece. Traditional scholarship in Greek political thought has typically assumed that it originated concurrently with philosophy and the establishment of the polis. In this research, drawing upon the visions of Eric Voegelin and Leo Strauss, we endeavor to establish a refined definition of political thought while challenging the aforementioned conventional assumption. It is argued that political reflection remains intimately intertwined with the theological-mythological beginning of thought in Greece. This theological-mythological mode of thinking initially found expression in the works of Homer and Hesiod, with these poets serving as the foremost intellectual authorities and initial educators of the Greeks. The Greeks, in their self-perception, viewed themselves through a lens of religion and in the mirror of gods and divine forces. Consequently, any exploration into Greek political thought must acknowledge the works of these poets as the seminal intellectual foundations of Greek thought. It is imperative to recognize that political thought in Ancient Greece did not commence with philosophy or the emergence of the polis, but rather with poetry and a distinct form of religious-mythical experience, namely theologia-muthologia.

The issue of this article is questioning the beginning and principal of the university, in particular the question is that in what sense can the beginning of the university in Iran be justified and legitimate? By distinguishing between the beginning and the founding, I have linked the beginning of the university to its end, responsibility. The purpose of this research was to show the legitimacy on the university as a modern phenomenon and to pay attention to the necessity of reasoning and critique in the university situation. The university has a new beginning as a new phenomenon. This new beginning or principal can-and should-be discussed in relation to its teleos, by Gadamer's hermeneutic method and in a phenomenological attitude. For such a discussion, first a description is given on the concept of beginning and then, based on the modern experience of the university, that experience is conceptualized. The description of the beginning and the concept of the university are then discussed in the situation of Iran and in relation to the history of the university in Iran. The result of the study is an emphasis on the self-actualization of the academic individual. A university is a place for freedom and responsibility, meaning theorizing and acting to identify and control the evils and anomalies that hinder the realization and formation of self and society. The university is a place for questioning the phenomena of the self, the society and the world. In a sense, given the experience of being a university, the university has been "established" in Iran but has not "begun".

What is poetry? It is the main question that has been raised in philosophy, literature, and linguistics, and a group of experts have answered it. The present article seeks to answer this question through Heidegger’ s phenomenology, and thus, identify the field and subject of literary science. Studies have shown that what Heidegger called as the “ house of existence” is the language that reaches the human ear from existence, and this is the consciousness and cognition of man. What human beings express from the understandings and openness of existence creates “ speech” and human language. Poetry is the impression and expression of new understandings that have not been expressed in a human speech before; it is the words that reveal the universe differently and bring a new comprehension to human beings. If poetry is repeated and used in everyday speech, personal understanding becomes public. Human speech always oscillates in a range of historicity and newness, creativity and banality, poetry and everyday speech. Comprehensions are shared in human speech, and poetry is an opportunity to share new insights. Poetry makes the language comprehensible, and expands understanding and general language. It is essential for the literature to pay more attention to the creative and linguistic aspect of poetry and value creative speeches and new discourses that leave the literary traditions to develop and expand the language.

The Majority of the long stay psychiatric patients who are in need of rehabilitation, consist of people suffering from schizophrenia. Most of them have entered old age with their above mentioned illness and besides the consequences of schizophrenia, are facing the deprivation and suffering due to their old ages.  In contrast to the previous decades that there have not been an effective treatment for schizophrenia, today with the immediate diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia with effective medications, one can prevent chronicity and resistance to their treatment. By these means one can improve the prognosis and the quality of life of patients and their care givers. Since ten years ago the artificial discrimination of schizophrenic patients to chronic and non-chronic has lost its validity. It is recommended in spite of presenting the special and isolated hospitals for the mentally ill, also psychiatric wards in the general hospitals may be included. By all these measures the schizophrenics can have a better treatment and rehabilitation and be saved from the social and psychological consequences of staying in the isolated mental hospitals.

Thrombotic disorders, such as myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, peripheral arterial disease, deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, or other embolic diseases that are responsible for worldwide mortality and morbidity, are manifestations of the formed thrombi by blood clots during a pathologic blood coagulation process. Once thrombi are formed, the only way to resolve the blood clot is treatment with specific thrombolytic agents, so called plasminogen activators (PAs), such as tissue-PAs (tPAs), urokinase, and streptokinase (SK). PAs convert the endogenous human plasminogen (HPG: the inactive proenzyme) to plasmin (HPM: the active enzyme), which cleaves the fibrin network of the blood clot, a process known as fibrinolysis (Fig. 1)...

Tehran has in the South of Alborz Mountains and located, in one of the higher parts of the mountain. That's why during the cold period frequently affected by severe frosts and poorly placed. Tehran, with a population of over 8 million people and more than 3 million vehicles at the time of freezing disorders are plenty of daily transportation. for study the characteristics of ice in Tehran, by examining all the weather stations in Tehran during a period of (2011-1985), First, was investigated the same amount of thermal stations Tehran. Then light frost days Was extracted (minimum temperature between 0 to-1/1, Ice average between-1/1 to-2/2, severe frosts less than-2/2). Then map the number of days of frost, frost season, and ice, mild, moderate, severe and associated with the likelihood of them is drawn. The results indicate that the probability of 50%, the probability first frost in northern Tehran stations Aminabad is December, and in Mehrabad, Doshantape and Geophysics stations, are January and Cheetgar station is February. It can be seen on the first severe frosts in January probability level of 50 percent in all stations, but the date of the last frost in the station can be seen in the months of February and March. In terms of the total number of frost days, over 50 days area the ice to the northern end in Tehran is limited, which includes the northern regions is 1, 2, 5, 14 and 22. The total number of frost days zone like sea waves as well corresponds with topographic contour line, to the south of Tehran is reduced. Only the South East of Tehran because of its proximity to the heights of this order is disturbed. Zoning in Tehran is generally along the north-south. While examining patterns of spatial and temporal variability of temperature parameters show that Ice Area, West-East is spread pattern. So, the snow and ice the advance and retreat. Along the contours.

Woman has been under oppression throughout history. Islam pays particular attention to woman and her rights. Early at the beginning of the twentieth century, the intellectuals attempted for making the voice of the oppressed women heard. Among these intellectuals, we can name Naguib Mahfouz. In his works, particularly his realistic novels, he has talked about the women oppression and her violated rights. The researcher of this study attemptsto explore Naguib Mahfouz’s attitude towards women in one of his realistic novels, “The Beginning and the End”, through adopting feminist criticism and within the framework of feminist elements. Furthermore, based on feminist criticism, the relation between the main characters of the novel and the title, The Beginning and the End, is examined.